What is Parkinson’s disease? An in-depth overview

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological condition that affects movement and coordination.

It is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, impacting the lives of millions of people worldwide, including thousands of Australians.

Living with Parkinson’s disease often means navigating a range of challenges, from managing symptoms to adapting to new ways of working and living.

However, with the right strategies and support, individuals with Parkinson’s can continue to lead fulfilling lives.

Understanding Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease occurs due to a loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain.

Dopamine is a chemical messenger essential for controlling movement and coordination.

As these cells are depleted, individuals experience symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and slowed movement.

Parkinson’s is a chronic and progressive condition, meaning symptoms worsen over time.

While the exact cause is unknown, research suggests a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

In some cases, a family history of Parkinson’s may increase the risk, while exposure to certain toxins has also been linked to the condition.

It is important to note that Parkinson’s affects individuals differently.

Symptoms, progression, and responses to treatment can vary significantly from person to person.

Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease presents a wide range of symptoms, broadly categorised as motor (movement-related) and non-motor symptoms.

Motor symptoms

• Tremors: Shaking that often begins in one hand and can spread to other parts of the body. This is one of the most recognisable signs of Parkinson’s.
• Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement, which can make tasks like dressing, writing, or cooking more time-consuming.
• Rigidity: Muscle stiffness that can reduce the range of motion and cause discomfort.
• Postural instability: Problems with balance and coordination, which may lead to falls.

Non-motor symptoms

• Sleep disturbances: Insomnia, vivid dreams, or restless legs syndrome are common among individuals with Parkinson’s.
• Cognitive changes: Some individuals may experience difficulty concentrating, memory issues, or slower thinking.
• Mood disorders: Depression and anxiety frequently accompany Parkinson’s, as individuals adjust to living with a progressive condition.
• Digestive issues: Constipation and slowed digestion are often reported.

These symptoms can vary in severity and combination, making it essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis.

The social model of disability and Parkinson’s disease

At APM, we follow the social model of disability, which focuses on addressing societal barriers rather than viewing the condition as a limitation.

For individuals with Parkinson’s disease, societal barriers might include inaccessible workplaces, inflexible job expectations, and limited understanding from employers or peers.

By addressing these barriers, such as providing workplace adjustments and community support, we can empower people with Parkinson’s to live independently and thrive in their personal and professional lives.

This approach reframes the narrative from 'disability as a deficit' to 'society creating unnecessary challenges'.

Together, we can create environments where everyone has the opportunity to succeed.

How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?

Diagnosing Parkinson’s disease can be complex, as there is no single test for the condition.

Instead, specialists use a combination of methods to identify the disease:

• Medical history: Doctors review symptoms and assess whether there is a family history of Parkinson’s or related conditions.
• Neurological examination: Motor symptoms like tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia are evaluated during a physical exam.
• Imaging tests: Brain imaging, such as MRI or CT scans, may be used to rule out other conditions.
• Response to medication: Improvement with dopamine-enhancing medications, such as Levodopa, often supports a Parkinson’s diagnosis.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms, consulting a neurologist or specialist early is crucial.

Early diagnosis can make a significant difference in symptom management and long-term planning.

Living with Parkinson’s disease

Although Parkinson’s disease presents challenges, individuals can maintain a high quality of life with the right strategies, treatments, and support networks.

Key approaches include:

• Medication: Can help replenish dopamine levels, reducing motor symptoms like tremors and stiffness.
• Exercise: Regular physical activity has been shown to improve mobility, balance, and overall well-being. Activities like yoga, tai chi, and swimming are particularly beneficial for people with Parkinson’s.
• Dietary considerations: A balanced diet rich in fibre and hydration can alleviate digestive symptoms. Some individuals find that avoiding large protein meals close to medication times can improve the effectiveness of treatment.
• Therapies: Speech therapy can help with communication challenges, while occupational and physical therapies provide tools for adapting to daily tasks and maintaining independence.

Living with Parkinson’s is not just about managing symptoms—it’s about finding ways to thrive.

Building a supportive network of healthcare providers, family, and friends is essential for emotional and practical support.

For tips on creating disability-friendly workplaces, read our blog on workplace accommodations for people with health conditions.

Thriving beyond Parkinson’s challenges

Despite its challenges, many individuals with Parkinson’s disease continue to pursue their passions and lead fulfilling lives.

The key to thriving lies in focusing on strengths and utilising available resources, such as assistive technology and community programs.

Advances in research are providing hope for better treatments and potential cures.

Initiatives like Parkinson’s-specific exercise groups, support forums, and advocacy programs are helping individuals stay connected and motivated.

In the workplace, employers can play a vital role by offering flexible arrangements, task modifications, and assistive tools.

These adjustments enable employees with Parkinson’s to contribute effectively while managing their condition.

How APM can help

APM is a national provider of Disability Employment Services.

We offer tailored support to help eligible people with disability, injury, or a health condition, including Parkinson’s disease, succeed in finding and maintaining meaningful employment.

Our services include:

• Assisting with job searches that match individual strengths and needs
• Helping participants access workplace adjustments, such as assistive technology or flexible schedules
• Providing ongoing support to build confidence and achieve long-term goals

If you are living with Parkinson’s or supporting someone who is, contact APM today to explore your eligibility for support in creating pathways to success.

Seeking help

If you are concerned about symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, consult a healthcare professional or neurologist for advice.

Early intervention and treatment are essential for managing the condition effectively.

For further information, visit reputable Australian resources such as Parkinson’s Australia or the Australian Government Health Department.

Empowering lives with Parkinson’s

Parkinson’s disease is a challenging condition, but individuals can lead fulfilling lives with early diagnosis, effective management, and supportive environments.

By addressing societal barriers and providing tailored support, APM is committed to empowering people living with disability, injury, or a health condition to reach their full potential.

Resources and further reading

• Parkinson's disease: symptoms, causes, diagnosis and management - Health Direct
• 5 steps to live better today with Parkinson’s disease - Parkinson's Foundation
• Parkinson's disease: symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
• Stages of Parkinson's - Parkinson's Foundation
• Motor symptoms of Parkinson's - Parkinson's UK
• Living with Parkinson's - Parkinson's Foundation

About this article

APM supports people with disability, injury, or a health condition through various programs and services across its businesses, including Disability Employment Services in Australia.

The information contained in this article is for educational and informational purposes only and is not intended as health or medical advice. Always consult a physician or other qualified health provider regarding any questions you may have about a medical condition or health objectives.

When discussing disability, APM’s copy style is to use person-first language and the social model of disability in the first instance. Some articles may use identity-first language or refer to the medical model of disability for clarity or to better suit a specific audience.

If you have any questions or feedback about the content of this article, visit our Feedback page to get in touch or email support@apm.net.au